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The PGP Word List was designed in 1995 by Patrick Juola, a computational linguist, and Philip Zimmermann, creator of PGP. [1] [2] The words were carefully chosen for their phonetic distinctiveness, using genetic algorithms to select lists of words that had optimum separations in phoneme space.
While word lists used were originally based on the 100-item Swadesh list, it was statistically determined that a subset of 40 of the 100 items produced just as good if not slightly better classificatory results than the whole list. [9] So subsequently word lists gathered contain only 40 items (or less, when attestations for some are lacking).
Results for prenatal testing are usually available more quickly because time is an important consideration in making decisions about a pregnancy. Prior to the testing, the doctor or genetic counselor who is requesting a particular test can provide specific information about the cost and time frame associated with that test.
A Diceware word list is any list of 6 5 = 7 776 unique words, preferably ones the user will find easy to spell and to remember. The contents of the word list do not have to be protected or concealed in any way, as the security of a Diceware passphrase is in the number of words selected, and the number of words each selected word could be taken ...
This is a list of some of the more commonly known problems that are NP-complete when expressed as decision problems. As there are thousands of such problems known, this list is in no way comprehensive. Many problems of this type can be found in Garey & Johnson (1979).
A classic example of a problem which a regular grammar cannot handle is the question of whether a given string contains correctly nested parentheses. (This is typically handled by a Chomsky Type 2 grammar, also termed a context-free grammar .)
According to research results, the items show a good Rasch model fit, and rule-based generation can explain the item difficulty. [46] The first known item matrix generator was designed by Embretson, [47] [14] and her automatically generated items demonstrated good psychometric properties, as it is shown by Embretson and Reise. [48]
Many, if not most, undecidable problems in mathematics can be posed as word problems: determining when two distinct strings of symbols (encoding some mathematical concept or object) represent the same object or not. For undecidability in axiomatic mathematics, see List of statements undecidable in ZFC.