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A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), Gross national income (GNI), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI adjusted for natural resource depletion – also called as NNI at factor cost).
[12] The modern concept of GDP was first developed by Simon Kuznets for a 1934 U.S. Congress report, where he warned against its use as a measure of welfare (see below under limitations and criticisms). [13] After the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, GDP became the main tool for measuring a country's economy. [14]
Research in the economics of the determinants behind long-run economic growth has followed its own course. [32] The Harrod-Domar model from the 1940s attempted to build a long-run growth model inspired by Keynesian demand-driven considerations. [ 33 ]
Econometrics is an application of statistical methods to economic data in order to give empirical content to economic relationships. [1] More precisely, it is "the quantitative analysis of actual economic phenomena based on the concurrent development of theory and observation, related by appropriate methods of inference."
Real GDP is an example of the distinction between real and nominal values in economics.Nominal gross domestic product is defined as the market value of all final goods produced in a geographical region, usually a country; this depends on the quantities of goods and services produced, and their respective prices.
Decisions based on economic theories that are not scientifically possible to test can give people a false sense of precision, and that could be misleading, leading to build up logical errors. Natural economics: Economics is concerned with both 'normal' and 'abnormal' economic conditions. In an objective scientific study one is not restricted by ...
"Thirteen critical points in contemporary economic theory". Journal of Economic Literature. 10 (4): 1163– 1189. JSTOR 2721542. Alessandro Innocenti (1995). "Oskar Morgenstern and the Heterodox Potentialities of the Application of Game Theory to Economics". Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 17 (2): 205– 227. doi:10.1017 ...
Thus the left side gives GDP by the income method, and the right side gives GDP by the expenditure method. The GDP is given on the bottom line of both sides of the report. GDP must have the same value on both sides of the account. This is because income and expenditure are defined in a way that forces them to be equal (see accounting identity ...