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The foot-pound force (symbol: ft⋅lbf, [1] ft⋅lb f, [2] or ft⋅lb [3]) is a unit of work or energy in the engineering and gravitational systems in United States customary and imperial units of measure. It is the energy transferred upon applying a force of one pound-force (lbf) through a linear displacement of one foot.
Joule estimated a mechanical equivalent of heat to be 819 ft•lbf/Btu (4.41 J/cal). The modern day definitions of heat, work, temperature, and energy all have connection to this experiment. In this arrangement of apparatus, it never happens that the process runs in reverse, with the water driving the paddles so as to raise the weight, not even ...
The Brayton cycle, also known as the Joule cycle, is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the operation of certain heat engines that have air or some other gas as their working fluid. It is characterized by isentropic compression and expansion, and isobaric heat addition and rejection, though practical engines have adiabatic rather than ...
foot-pound-force per hour: ft⋅lbf/h ≡ 1 ft lbf/h ≈ 3.766 161 × 10 −4 W: foot-pound-force per minute: ft⋅lbf/min ≡ 1 ft lbf/min = 2.259 696 580 552 334 × 10 −2 W: foot-pound-force per second: ft⋅lbf/s ≡ 1 ft lbf/s = 1.355 817 948 331 4004 W: horsepower (boiler) hp ≈ 34.5 lb/h × 970.3 BTU IT /lb ≈ 9 809.5 W [35 ...
25,031 to 25,160 ft⋅pdl (foot-poundal) 778.2 ft⋅lbf (foot-pounds-force) 5.40395 (lbf/in 2)⋅ft 3; A Btu can be approximated as the heat produced by burning a single wooden kitchen match or as the amount of energy it takes to lift a one-pound (0.45 kg) weight 778 feet (237 m). [16]
Though a standardised value of 4.1860 J·cal −1 was established in the early 20th century, in the 1920s, it was ultimately realised that the constant is simply the specific heat of water, a quantity that varies with temperature between the values of 4.17 and 4.22 J·g −1 ·°C −1.
This method considers the flow of water down of a series of pagoda roofs. Regions where the water will not flow identify the rainflow cycles which are seen as an interruption to the main cycle. Reduce the time history to a sequence of (tensile) peaks and (compressive) valleys. Imagine that the time history is a template for a rigid sheet ...
The British imperial units and U.S. customary units for both energy and work include the foot-pound force (1.3558 J), the British thermal unit (BTU) which has various values in the region of 1055 J, the horsepower-hour (2.6845 MJ), and the gasoline gallon equivalent (about 120 MJ). Log-base-10 of the ratios between various measures of energy