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This field specifies the network link protocol type. [1] In this example, a value of 1 indicates Ethernet. Protocol Type (PTYPE): 16 bits This field specifies the internetwork protocol for which the ARP request is intended. For IPv4, this has the value 0x0800. The permitted PTYPE values share a numbering space with those for EtherType. [1] [2]
Tools such as ping, traceroute, MTR and PathPing use this protocol to provide a visual representation of the path packets are taking, and to measure packet loss at each hop. [ b ] Many routers have status pages or logs, where the owner can find the number or percentage of packets dropped over a particular period.
Cisco IOS routers perform ECN marking if configured with the WRED queuing discipline since version 12.2(8)T. Linux routers perform ECN marking if configured with one of the RED or GRED queue disciplines with an explicit ecn parameter, by using the sfb discipline, by using the CoDel Fair Queuing (fq_codel) discipline, or the CAKE [27] queuing ...
RFC 2474 — Definition of the differentiated services field (DS field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 headers. Note that the DS field of 8 bits (the bottom two unused) in [2] was later split into the current 6-bit DS field and a separate 2-bit ECN field. [3] RFC 2475 — An architecture for differentiated services. RFC 2597 — Assured forwarding PHB group.
Another limitation appears when routers do not respond to probes or when routers have a limit for ICMP responses. [17] In the presence of traffic load balancing , traceroute may indicate a path that does not actually exist; to minimize this problem there is a traceroute modification called Paris-traceroute, [ 18 ] which maintains the flow ...
Queries the server to see if the clients in the space-separated list <nicknames> are currently on the network. [10] The server returns only the nicknames that are on the network in a space-separated list. If none of the clients are on the network the server returns an empty list. Defined in RFC 1459.
The type of service (ToS) field is the second byte of the IPv4 header. It has had various purposes over the years, and has been defined in different ways by five RFCs. [1] Prior to the redefinition, the ToS field could specify a datagram's priority and request a route for low-latency, high-throughput, or highly-reliable service.
The zero-width space can be used to mark word breaks in languages without visible space between words, such as Thai, Myanmar, Khmer, and Japanese. [ 1 ] In justified text, the rendering engine may add inter-character spacing, also known as letter spacing, between letters separated by a zero-width space, unlike around fixed-width spaces.