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The concreteness training involved practicing thinking about the specific details of recent mild negative events: how the event happened, where it happened, who was there, what they did. The goal was to try to get a mental picture of the event, its circumstances, and then focus on the sequence of how it happened.
Rumination appears closely related to worry. Rumination is the focused attention on the symptoms of one's mental distress. In 1998, Nolen-Hoeksema proposed the Response Styles Theory, [1] [2] which is the most widely used conceptualization model of rumination. However, other theories have proposed different definitions for rumination.
Rumination, an example of attentional deployment, [20] is defined as the passive and repetitive focusing of one's attention on one's symptoms of distress and the causes and consequences of these symptoms. Rumination is generally considered a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy, as it tends to exacerbate emotional distress.
In a review, Anne Parfitt-Rogers, a Scottish doctor from the University of Edinburgh suggests, "[The Book] explores the link between rejection and violence and the self-defeating behaviors that cause us to withdraw when we are lonely or have low self-esteem, starting a vicious cycle and hampering effective relationships."
[6] est was a four-day, 60-hour self-help program given to groups of 250 people at a time. [7] The program was very intensive: each day would contain 15–20 hours of instruction. [ 6 ] During the training, est personnel utilized specialized vocabulary to convey key concepts, and participants agreed to rules which remained in effect for the ...
Subsequent research has examined the effects of self-concealment on subjective well-being and coping, finding that high self-concealment is associated with psychological distress and self-reported physical symptoms, [8] anxiety and depression, [9] [10] [11] shyness, negative self-esteem, [12] loneliness, [13] rumination, [14] trait social ...
Self-compassion focuses on soothing and comforting the self when faced with distressing experiences. [51] Self-compassion is composed of three components; self kindness versus self-judgement, a sense of common humanity versus isolation and mindfulness versus over-identification when confronting painful thoughts and emotions. [51]
The PCS is a 13 item scale, with each item rated on a 5-point scale: 0 (Not at all) to 4 (all the time). The PCS is broken into three subscales being magnification, rumination, and helplessness. The scale was developed as a self-report measurement tool that provided a valid index of catastrophizing in clinical and non-clinical populations. [3]