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Internal energy: The energy contained within a body of matter or radiation, excluding the potential energy of the whole system, and excluding the kinetic energy of the system moving as a whole. Heat: Energy in transfer between a system and its surroundings by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work and transfer of matter.
Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object.
Potential energy – energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors. [3] [4] Elastic energy – energy of deformation of a material (or its container) exhibiting a restorative force; Gravitational energy – potential energy associated with a gravitational field.
Elastic potential energy is the potential energy of an elastic object (for example a bow or a catapult) that is deformed under tension or compression (or stressed in formal terminology). It arises as a consequence of a force that tries to restore the object to its original shape, which is most often the electromagnetic force between the atoms ...
The gravitational potential energy is the potential energy an object has because it is within a gravitational field. The magnitude & direction of gravitational force experienced by a point mass m {\displaystyle m} , due to the presence of another point mass M {\displaystyle M} at a distance r {\displaystyle r} , is given by Newton's law of ...
The energy E of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum is found by the expression E = hf, where h is the Planck constant and f is its frequency. Bodies at higher temperatures emit radiation at higher frequencies with an increasing energy per quantum.
A thermodynamic potential (or more accurately, a thermodynamic potential energy) [1] [2] is a scalar quantity used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system. Just as in mechanics , where potential energy is defined as capacity to do work, similarly different potentials have different meanings.
Components of mechanical systems store elastic potential energy if they are deformed when forces are applied to the system. Energy is transferred to an object by work when an external force displaces or deforms the object. The quantity of energy transferred is the vector dot product of the force and the displacement of the object. As forces are ...