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All quantities are in Gaussian units except energy and temperature which are in electronvolts.For the sake of simplicity, a single ionic species is assumed. The ion mass is expressed in units of the proton mass, = / and the ion charge in units of the elementary charge, = / (in the case of a fully ionized atom, equals to the respective atomic number).
In physics, reduced mass is a measure of the effective inertial mass of a system with two or more particles when the particles are interacting with each other. Reduced mass allows the two-body problem to be solved as if it were a one-body problem. Note, however, that the mass determining the gravitational force is not reduced.
Q values are also featured in particle physics. For example, Sargent's rule states that weak reaction rates are proportional to Q 5. The Q value is the kinetic energy released in the decay at rest. For neutron decay, some mass disappears as neutrons convert to a proton, electron and antineutrino: [2]
In general, the masses of all hadrons are of the order of 1 GeV/c 2, which makes the GeV/c 2 a convenient unit of mass for particle physics: [4] 1 GeV/ c 2 = 1.782 661 92 × 10 −27 kg . The atomic mass constant ( m u ), one twelfth of the mass a carbon-12 atom, is close to the mass of a proton.
In physics, the proton-to-electron mass ratio (symbol μ or β) is the rest mass of the proton (a baryon found in atoms) divided by that of the electron (a lepton found in atoms), a dimensionless quantity, namely: μ = m p /m e = 1 836.152 673 426 (32). [1]
In nuclear physics, the semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF) (sometimes also called the Weizsäcker formula, Bethe–Weizsäcker formula, or Bethe–Weizsäcker mass formula to distinguish it from the Bethe–Weizsäcker process) is used to approximate the mass of an atomic nucleus from its number of protons and neutrons.
The mass of an atomic nucleus is less than the sum of the individual masses of the free constituent protons and neutrons. The difference in mass can be calculated by the Einstein equation, E = mc 2, where E is the nuclear binding energy, c is the speed of light, and m is the difference in mass. This 'missing mass' is known as the mass defect ...
We can calculate the minimum energy that the moving proton must have in order to create a pion. Transforming into the ZMF (Zero Momentum Frame or Center of Mass Frame) and assuming the outgoing particles have no KE (kinetic energy) when viewed in the ZMF, the conservation of energy equation is: