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Own work based on: File:Flammability diagram methane.png Redrawing of original by Power.corrupts as vector graphic. Possible source: Mashuga, CV; Crowl DA (1998). "Application of the flammability diagram for evaluation of fire and explosion hazards of flammable vapors". Process Safety Progress. 17 (3): 176–183. Author
Simplified diagram of the Copper–Chlorine cycle. The copper–chlorine cycle (Cu–Cl cycle) is a four-step thermochemical cycle for the production of hydrogen. The Cu–Cl cycle is a hybrid process that employs both thermochemical and electrolysis steps. It has a maximum temperature requirement of about 530 degrees Celsius. [1]
Peters four-step chemistry is a systematically reduced mechanism for methane combustion, named after Norbert Peters, who derived it in 1985. [1] [2] [3] The mechanism reads as [4]
CuCl 2 reacts with HCl or other chloride sources to form complex ions: the red [CuCl 3] − (found in potassium trichloridocuprate(II) K[CuCl 3]) (it is a dimer in reality, [Cu 2 Cl 6] 2−, a couple of tetrahedrons that share an edge), and the green or yellow [CuCl 4] 2− (found in potassium tetrachloridocuprate(II) K 2 [CuCl 4]).
Any mixture of methane and air will therefore lie on the straight line between pure methane and pure air – this is shown as the blue air-line. The upper and lower flammability limits of methane in air are located on this line, as shown (labelled UEL and LEL, respectively). The stoichiometric combustion of methane is: CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO 2 + 2H ...
(b) The top shows both the dot-and-cross diagram and the simplified diagram of the LDQ structure of the NO radical. Below is shown the dimerisation reaction of the NO monomer into the N 2 O 2 dimer. Hence, the dimerisation of CN to cyanogen is favourable as it increases the degree of bonding in the overall system and reduces the total energy.
1.1 kJ/mol Std entropy change of fusion, Δ fus S o: 12.1 J/(mol·K) Std enthalpy change of vaporization, Δ vap H o: 8.17 kJ/mol Std entropy change of vaporization, Δ vap S o? J/(mol·K) Solid properties Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o solid? kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o solid? J/(mol K) Heat capacity, c p? J/(mol K) Liquid ...
The same hydrochloric acid solutions also react with acetylene gas to form [CuCl(C 2 H 2)]. Ammoniacal solutions of CuCl react with acetylenes to form the explosive copper(I) acetylide, Cu 2 C 2. Alkene complexes of CuCl can be prepared by reduction of CuCl 2 by sulfur dioxide in the presence of the alkene in alcohol solution.