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Psychological and sociological effects of space flight are important to understanding how to successfully achieve the goals of long-duration expeditionary missions. Although robotic spacecraft have landed on Mars , plans have also been discussed for a human expedition , perhaps in the 2030s, [ 1 ] for a return mission.
Selection, training, cohesion and psychosocial adaptation influence performance and, as such, are relevant factors to consider while preparing for costly, long-duration [clarification needed] spaceflight missions in which the performance objectives will be demanding, endurance will be tested and success will be critical.
Space psychology refers to applying psychology to advise human spaceflight.This includes applying industrial and organizational psychology to team selection, individual and team mental preparation, team training, and ongoing psychological support, [1] and applying human factors and ergonomics to the construction of spacecraft to ensure sufficient habitability.
MARS-500 was intended to study the psychological, physiological, and technological challenges inherent to long-duration space flight. Among other hurdles to overcome, the experiment examined the physiological effects of long-term weightlessness, the effectiveness of resource management, and the effects of isolation in a hermetically sealed environment.
Astrosociology, sociology of outer space, or sociology of the universe [1] is the study of the relationship between outer space, extraterrestrial places, and the wider universe and society. It is an interdisciplinary study between space-related sciences and sociology that seeks to understand the impact of human society outside our current ...
The main author Donald N. Michael was a "social psychologist with a background in the natural sciences." "He was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Psychological Association, the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues and the World Academy of Art and Science." [10]
Stephen Hawking is a supporter of space travel, in part, because he thinks the survival of humanity depends on it. Hawking shared these thoughts in an afterword for Julian Guthrie's book "How to ...
Eventually, White wrote about the effect in his book The Overview Effect — Space Exploration and Human Evolution (1987), [13] which has a fourth edition (2021). [11] White's work did not attain broad influence until the 2010s—a period of increased societal divisions and a new prospect of private space travel. [14]