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Dweck has described fixed-mindset individuals as dreading failure because it is a negative statement on their basic abilities, while growth mindset individuals don't mind or fear failure as much because they realize their performance can be improved and learning comes from failure. [14]
Mindset is described as shaping a person's capacity for development by being associated with passive or conditional learning, incremental or horizontal learning, and transformative or vertical learning. Mindset is also believed to influence a person's behavior, having deliberative or implemental action phases, as well as being associated with ...
When they are primed towards assessment, they will pick tasks that they think they will be successful at to show off their abilities. Thus, they will forgo new learning if it means the possibility of making mistakes. [18] If the situation is framed in a manner that emphasizes learning and process rather than success, mindset can be altered. [17]
Goal orientation, or achievement orientation, is an "individual disposition towards developing or validating one's ability in achievement settings". [1] In general, an individual can be said to be mastery or performance oriented, based on whether one's goal is to develop one's ability or to demonstrate one's ability, respectively. [2]
Positive education is an approach to education that draws on positive psychology's emphasis of individual strengths and personal motivation to promote learning.Unlike traditional school approaches, positive schooling teachers use techniques that focus on the well-being of individual students. [1]
[63]: 68–69 A solution to this limitation is to set learning goals as well as performance goals, so that learning is expected as part of the process of reaching goals. [64] [65] The section on learning goals has more information on this effect and how to counter it. Goal setting also may impair performance in certain situations.
The motivation for mastery learning comes from trying to reduce achievement gaps for students in average school classrooms. During the 1960s John B. Carroll and Benjamin S. Bloom pointed out that, if students are normally distributed with respect to aptitude for a subject and if they are provided uniform instruction (in terms of quality and learning time), then achievement level at completion ...
A standards-based test is an assessment based on the outcome-based education or performance-based education philosophy. [11] Assessment is a key part of the standards reform movement. The first part is to set new, higher standards to be expected of every student. Then the curriculum must be aligned to the new standards.