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  2. Timsort - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timsort

    In order to achieve sorting stability, only consecutive runs are merged. Between two non-consecutive runs, there can be an element with the same key inside the runs. Merging those two runs would change the order of equal keys. Example of this situation ([] are ordered runs): [1 2 2] 1 4 2 [0 1 2]

  3. Sorting algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorting_algorithm

    One application for stable sorting algorithms is sorting a list using a primary and secondary key. For example, suppose we wish to sort a hand of cards such that the suits are in the order clubs (♣), diamonds (♦), hearts (♥), spades (♠), and within each suit, the cards are sorted by rank. This can be done by first sorting the cards by ...

  4. Key derivation function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_derivation_function

    Example of a Key Derivation Function chain as used in the Signal Protocol.The output of one KDF function is the input to the next KDF function in the chain. In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is a cryptographic algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key, a password, or a passphrase using a pseudorandom function (which typically uses a ...

  5. Binary search - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_search

    Binary search Visualization of the binary search algorithm where 7 is the target value Class Search algorithm Data structure Array Worst-case performance O (log n) Best-case performance O (1) Average performance O (log n) Worst-case space complexity O (1) Optimal Yes In computer science, binary search, also known as half-interval search, logarithmic search, or binary chop, is a search ...

  6. Adaptive sort - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_sort

    Comparison-based sorting algorithms have traditionally dealt with achieving an optimal bound of O(n log n) when dealing with time complexity.Adaptive sort takes advantage of the existing order of the input to try to achieve better times, so that the time taken by the algorithm to sort is a smoothly growing function of the size of the sequence and the disorder in the sequence.

  7. Tree traversal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_traversal

    In computer science, tree traversal (also known as tree search and walking the tree) is a form of graph traversal and refers to the process of visiting (e.g. retrieving, updating, or deleting) each node in a tree data structure, exactly once.

  8. Wikipedia:Categorization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization

    Example: [[Category:Example|*]] Those articles are typically called "History of example", "Types of example", "List of example" or similar. Leading articles —a, an, and the—are among the most common reasons for using sort keys, which are used to transfer the leading article to the end of the key, as in {{DEFAULTSORT:Lady, The}}.

  9. Foreach loop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreach_loop

    The foreach statement in some languages has some defined order, processing each item in the collection from the first to the last. The foreach statement in many other languages, especially array programming languages, does not have any particular order.