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2. Kyropoulos method - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyropoulos_method

   The Kyropoulos method, also known as the KY method or Kyropoulos technique, is a method of bulk crystal growth used to obtain single crystals.. The largest application of the Kyropoulos method is to grow large boules of single crystal sapphire used to produce substrates for the manufacture gallium nitride-based LEDs, and as a durable optical material.

3. Crystal - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal

   For example, a perfect crystal of diamond would only contain carbon atoms, but a real crystal might perhaps contain a few boron atoms as well. These boron impurities change the diamond's color to slightly blue. Likewise, the only difference between ruby and sapphire is the type of impurities present in a corundum crystal.

4. Single crystal - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_crystal

   Single crystals have unique physical properties due to being a single grain with molecules in a strict order and no grain boundaries. [2] This includes optical properties, and single crystals of silicon is also used as optical windows because of its transparency at specific infrared (IR) wavelengths, making it very useful for some instruments. [4]

5. Czochralski method - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czochralski_method

   Silicon crystal being grown by the Czochralski method at Raytheon, 1956. The induction heating coil is visible, and the end of the crystal is just emerging from the melt. The technician is measuring the temperature with an optical pyrometer. The crystals produced by this early apparatus, used in an early Si plant, were only one inch in diameter.

6. Costume jewelry - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_jewelry

   The trend of jewelry-making at home by hobbyists for personal enjoyment or for sale on sites like Etsy has resulted in the common practice of buying wholesale costume jewelry in bulk and using it for parts. There is a rise in demand for artificial or imitation jewelry by 85% due to the increase in gold prices, according to a 2011 report. [14]

7. Here's How the Price of Christmas Trees Has Changed Over the ...

   www.aol.com/heres-price-christmas-trees-changed...

   The wholesale route means that the Christmas tree farmers cut, package, ship, and sell their trees in bulk to different retailers, distributors, and tree lots. For more Christmas tree facts ...