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2. Kyropoulos method - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyropoulos_method

   The Kyropoulos method, also known as the KY method or Kyropoulos technique, is a method of bulk crystal growth used to obtain single crystals.. The largest application of the Kyropoulos method is to grow large boules of single crystal sapphire used to produce substrates for the manufacture gallium nitride-based LEDs, and as a durable optical material.

3. Gemstone - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone

   Group of precious and semiprecious stones—both uncut and faceted—including (clockwise from top left) diamond, uncut synthetic sapphire, ruby, uncut emerald, and amethyst crystal cluster. A gemstone (also called a fine gem , jewel , precious stone , semiprecious stone , or simply gem ) is a piece of mineral crystal which, when cut or ...

4. Crystal - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal

   For example, a perfect crystal of diamond would only contain carbon atoms, but a real crystal might perhaps contain a few boron atoms as well. These boron impurities change the diamond's color to slightly blue. Likewise, the only difference between ruby and sapphire is the type of impurities present in a corundum crystal.

5. Diamond - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond

   The crystals can have rounded-off and unexpressive edges and can be elongated. Diamonds (especially those with rounded crystal faces) are commonly found coated in nyf, an opaque gum-like skin. [19] Some diamonds contain opaque fibers. They are referred to as opaque if the fibers grow from a clear substrate or fibrous if they occupy the entire ...

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   Discover the latest breaking news in the U.S. and around the world — politics, weather, entertainment, lifestyle, finance, sports and much more.

7. Alum - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum

   Crystal of potassium alum, KAl(SO 4) 2 ·12H 2 O. An alum (/ ˈ æ l ə m /) is a type of chemical compound, usually a hydrated double sulfate salt of aluminium with the general formula X Al(SO 4) 2 ·12 H 2 O, such that X is a monovalent cation such as potassium or ammonium. [1] By itself, "alum" often refers to potassium alum, with the ...