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Recent genetic studies have also suggested that some eastern Polynesian populations have admixture from coastal western South American peoples, with an estimated date of contact around 1200 CE. [6] Scientific and scholarly responses to other claims of post-prehistory, pre-Columbian transoceanic contact have varied.
Pre-Columbian contact between Alaska and Kamchatka via the subarctic Aleutian Islands would have been conceivable, but the two settlement waves on this archipelago started on the American side and its western continuation, the Commander Islands, remained uninhabited until after Russian explorers encountered the Aleut people in 1741.
Schematic illustration of maternal (mtDNA) gene-flow in and out of Beringia, from 25,000 years ago to present. The genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas is divided into two distinct periods: the initial peopling of the Americas from about 20,000 to 14,000 years ago (20–14 kya), and European contact, after about 500 years ago.
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Map of early human migrations based on the Out of Africa theory; figures are in thousands of years ago (kya). [1]The peopling of the Americas began when Paleolithic hunter-gatherers (Paleo-Indians) entered North America from the North Asian Mammoth steppe via the Beringia land bridge, which had formed between northeastern Siberia and western Alaska due to the lowering of sea level during the ...
In 2007, evidence appeared to have been found that suggested pre-Columbian contact between Polynesians from the western Pacific and the Mapuche people. Chicken bones found at the El Arenal site in the Arauco Peninsula, an area inhabited by Mapuche, support a pre-Columbian introduction of chicken to South America. [15]
The technological and social development of pre-Columbian cultures are conventionally classified into five archaeological stages: Lithic stage or Paleo-Indian - hunter-gatherers using stone tools and weapons; Archaic stage - first settlements, first crops, subsistence; Formative stage - pottery, weaving, sedentary agriculture, ceremonial centers
Pre-contact distribution of North American language families north of Mexico The indigenous languages of Mexico that have more than 100,000 speakers The Chibchan languages. This is a list of different language classification proposals developed for the Indigenous languages of the Americas or Amerindian languages. The article is divided into ...