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Secondary hyperparathyroidism is due to physiological (i.e. appropriate) secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands in response to hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels). The most common causes are vitamin D deficiency [ 47 ] (caused by lack of sunlight, diet or malabsorption) and chronic kidney failure .
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is almost always related to end stage kidney disease and a secondary hyperparathyroidism. [23] [4] [8] Physiological changes due to the kidney damage adversely affect feedback loops that control secretion of parathyroid hormone. Renal management of phosphate is impaired in secondary hyperparathyroidism which results ...
[73] [74] A general agreement was reached that some of the results that reported diuresis was due to increased pressure and blood flow to the kidney, while the posterior pituitary extract had an antidiurectic effect. [75] By the 1920s, accumulated findings defined diabetes insipidus as a disorder of the pituitary. [25]
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is the medical condition of excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands in response to hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels), with resultant hyperplasia of these glands. This disorder is primarily seen in patients with chronic kidney failure.
History of present illness: H&P: history and physical examination (which very often are considered as a pair) HPA: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: HPETE: hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid: HPF: high-power field HPI H/oPI: history of the present illness: HPOA: hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy hPL
So far as macrovascular disease in type 1 diabetes is concerned, the same group reported improved outcomes for cardiovascular events in the group who had been managed by strict blood glucose control: in this group the incidence of any cardiovascular disease was reduced by 30% (95% CI 7, 48; P = 0.016) compared to the group with less intensive ...
The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis (HPT axis for short, a.k.a. thyroid homeostasis or thyrotropic feedback control) is part of the neuroendocrine system responsible for the regulation of metabolism and also responds to stress. As its name suggests, it depends upon the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the thyroid gland.
Most cases of type 2 diabetes involved many genes contributing small amount to the overall condition. [1] As of 2011 more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. [2] All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total genetic component of the disease. [2]