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Women's empowerment is key to economic and social outcomes. Benefits from projects that empower women are higher than those that just mainstream gender. [10] More than half of bilateral finance for agriculture and rural development already mainstreams gender, but only 6 percent treats gender as fundamental.
In 1988, Marilyn Waring published If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics, a groundbreaking and systematic critique of the system of national accounts, the international standard of measuring economic growth, and the ways in which women's unpaid work as well as the value of Nature have been excluded from what counts as productive in the economy.
Their concerns have often focused on women's contributions to economic growth rather than the importance of women's education as a means for empowering women and enhancing their capabilities. [54] The World Bank, for example, started focusing on gender in 1977 with the appointment of a first Women in Development Adviser. [55]
The book is discussed in Melinda Gates' book The Moment of Lift: How Empowering Women Changes the World. [14] In a reflection on If Women Counted, Ulla Grapard, professor of economics and women's studies at Colgate University, comments : "If Women Counted opened my eyes further. After reading the book, I kept on seeing connections to many other ...
Gender empowerment is the empowerment of people of any gender. While conventionally, the aspect of it is mentioned for empowerment of women , the concept stresses the distinction between biological sex and gender as a role , also referring to other marginalized genders in a particular political or social context.
[63] [64] Family planning is particularly important from a women's rights perspective, as having very many pregnancies, especially in areas where malnutrition is present, can seriously endanger women's health. UNFA writes that "Family planning is central to gender equality and women's empowerment, and it is a key factor in reducing poverty". [65]
It encompasses debates about the relationship between feminism and economics on many levels: from applying mainstream economic methods to under-researched "women's" areas, to questioning how mainstream economics values the reproductive sector, to deeply philosophical critiques of economic epistemology and methodology.
Women earn the majority of undergraduate degrees across all subjects in the United States, but in 2016 only 35% of economic majors were women. This is the same percentage as the early 1980s. [12] In 2016 the share of women in PhD economics programs was 31%. This share has not increased in the last 20 years. [13]