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Vitamin E, including tocotrienol and tocopherol, is fat soluble and protects lipids. Sources include wheat germ, seabuckthorn, nuts, seeds, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, kiwifruit, vegetable oil, and fish-liver oil. Alpha-tocopherol is the main form in which vitamin E is consumed.
Vitamin E is a group of eight compounds related in molecular structure that includes four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. The tocopherols function as fat-soluble antioxidants which may help protect cell membranes from reactive oxygen species. Vitamin E is classified as an essential nutrient for humans.
Canthaxanthin biosynthesis proceeds from beta-carotene via the action of a single protein, known as a beta-carotene ketolase, that is able to add a carbonyl group to carbon 4 and 4' of the beta carotene molecule. Although functionally identical, several distinct beta-carotene ketolase proteins are known.
Beta-glucan. Chitin fungi includes other edible mushrooms. Lentinan fruit body of shiitake (Lentinula edodes mycelium (LEM)) and other edible mushrooms. Fructan. Inulins diverse plants, e.g. topinambour, chicory. Lignin stones of fruits, vegetables (filaments of the garden bean), cereals. Pectins fruit skin (mainly apple and, quince), vegetables.
β-Carotene is composed of two retinyl groups, and is broken down in the mucosa of the human small intestine by β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase to retinal,a form of vitamin A. β-Carotene can be stored in the liver and body fat and converted to retinal as needed, thus making it a form of vitamin A for humans and some other mammals.
High doses of some antioxidants may have harmful long-term effects. The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) study of lung cancer patients found that smokers given supplements containing beta-carotene and vitamin A had increased rates of lung cancer. [140] Subsequent studies confirmed these adverse effects. [141]
β-Carotene (beta-carotene) is an organic, strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, [7] plants, and fruits. It is a member of the carotenes, which are terpenoids (isoprenoids), synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and thus having 40 carbons.
Alpha-carotene – color; Beta-carotene – color; Gamma-carotene – color; Carrageenan – thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier; Carrot oil – Cashew oil – somewhat comparable to olive oil. May have value for fighting dental cavities. [2] Cassia – Catechu extract – Celery salt – Celery seed –