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where E is the expected value operator. Notably, correlation is dimensionless while covariance is in units obtained by multiplying the units of the two variables. If Y always takes on the same values as X, we have the covariance of a variable with itself (i.e. ), which is called the variance and is more commonly denoted as the square of the ...
In mathematics, a codomain or set of destination of a function is a set into which all of the output of the function is constrained to fall. It is the set Y in the notation f: X → Y. The term range is sometimes ambiguously used to refer to either the codomain or the image of a function. A codomain is part of a function f if f is defined as a ...
The usual order relation on the real numbers is antisymmetric: if for two real numbers and both inequalities and hold, then and must be equal. Similarly, the subset order on the subsets of any given set is antisymmetric: given two sets and if every element in also is in and every element in is also in then and must contain all the same elements ...
Constant term. In mathematics, a constant term (sometimes referred to as a free term) is a term in an algebraic expression that does not contain any variables and therefore is constant. For example, in the quadratic polynomial, The number 3 is a constant term. [1]
e. In mathematics, a Cauchy (French: [koʃi]) boundary condition augments an ordinary differential equation or a partial differential equation with conditions that the solution must satisfy on the boundary; ideally so as to ensure that a unique solution exists. A Cauchy boundary condition specifies both the function value and normal derivative ...
Concordant pair. In statistics, a concordant pair is a pair of observations, each on two variables, (X1, Y1) and (X2, Y2), having the property that. where "sgn" refers to whether a number is positive, zero, or negative (its sign). Specifically, the signum function, often represented as sgn, is defined as:
A marginal value is. a value that holds true given particular constraints, the change in a value associated with a specific change in some independent variable, whether it be of that variable or of a dependent variable, or. [when underlying values are quantified] the ratio of the change of a dependent variable to that of the independent variable.
Quadrant (plane geometry) The axes of a two-dimensional Cartesian system divide the plane into four infinite regions, called quadrants, each bounded by two half-axes. The axes themselves are, in general, not part of the respective quadrants. These are often numbered from 1st to 4th and denoted by Roman numerals: I (where the signs of the (x; y ...