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Spencerian script is a handwriting script style based on Copperplate script that was used in the United States from approximately 1850 to 1925, [1] [2] and was considered the American de facto standard writing style for business correspondence prior to the widespread adoption of the typewriter.
Short-Writing [60] 1690: Theophilus Metcalfe: English: Simson Shorthand [61] 1881: James Simson: English: Speedwriting [62] 1924: Emma Dearborn: English: State Unified Stenography System (GESS) [63] 1937: Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov: Russian: Used in the Soviet Union; also adapted for English, French, and some of the languages of the Soviet ...
Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. [1] Like most systems of shorthand, it is a phonetic system; the symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for the most part, written as they are spoken.
The Lord's Prayer in Gregg and a variety of 19th-century systems Dutch stenography using the "System Groote". Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language.
Eclectic shorthand (sometimes called "Cross shorthand" or "Eclectic-Cross shorthand" after its founder, J. G. Cross) is an English shorthand system of the 19th century. Although it has fallen into disuse, it is nonetheless noteworthy as one of the most compact (and complex) systems of writing ever devised. [citation needed]
R rotunda substituting for Tironian et in the abbreviation etc. in a German print from 1845. In blackletter texts (especially in German printing), it was still used in the abbreviation ⁊c. meaning etc. (for et cetera) throughout the 19th century.
By the nineteenth century, attention was increasingly given to developing quality penmanship in Eastern schools. Countries that had a writing system based on logographs and syllabaries placed particular emphasis on form and quality when learning. [27] These countries, such as China and Japan, have pictophonetic characters that are difficult to ...
The practice of underlined (or doubly underlined) superscripted abbreviations was common in 19th-century writing (not limited to ordinal indicators in particular, and extant in the numero sign №), and was found in handwritten English until at least the late 19th century (e.g. first abbreviated '1 st ' or 1 st). [2]