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Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine is a book written by Norbert Wiener and published in 1948. [1] It is the first public usage of the term "cybernetics" to refer to self-regulating mechanisms.
Wiener's early work on information theory and signal processing was limited to analog signals, and was largely forgotten with the development of the digital theory. [ 34 ] Wiener is one of the key originators of cybernetics , a formalization of the notion of feedback , with many implications for engineering , systems control , computer science ...
The word cybernetics refers to the theory of message transmission among people and machines. The thesis of the book is that: society can only be understood through a study of the messages and the communication facilities which belong to it; and that in the future development of these messages and communication facilities, messages between man and machines, between machines and man, and between ...
According to Norbert Wiener, the word cybernetics was coined by a research group involving himself and Arturo Rosenblueth in the summer of 1947. [12] It has been attested in print since at least 1948 through Wiener's book Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. [note 1] In the book, Wiener states:
One was cybernetics, as formulated by Norbert Wiener in his Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. [12] The other was information theory, as recast in quantitative terms by Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver in their Mathematical Theory of Communication. [13]
Cybernetics, according to Wiener's definition, is the science of "control and communication in the animal and the machine". Heinz von Foerster went on to distinguish a first order cybernetics, "the study of observed systems", and a second order cybernetics, "the study of observing systems".
The first Russian edition of Norbert Wiener's Cybernetics from 1958. 1958 was a watershed year for the study of cybernetics in the Soviet Union, also seeing a translation of Wiener's The Human Use of Human Beings and the launch of Problems of Cybernetics, a Soviet journal dedicated to the study of cybernetics.
Second-order cybernetics took shape during the late 1960s and mid 1970s. The 1967 keynote address to the inaugural meeting of the American Society for Cybernetics (ASC) by Margaret Mead, who had been a participant at the Macy Conferences, is a defining moment in its development.