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  2. Benzene (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene_(data_page)

    *** Benzene is a carcinogen (cancer-causing agent). *** Very flammable. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. Safe handling: Benzene should NOT be used at all unless no safer alternatives are available. If benzene must be used in an experiment, it should be handled at all stages in a fume cupboard.

  3. Clar's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clar's_rule

    In organic and physical organic chemistry, Clar's rule is an empirical rule that relates the chemical stability of a molecule to its aromaticity.It was introduced in 1972 by the Austrian organic chemist Erich Clar in his book The Aromatic Sextet.

  4. Hückel's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hückel's_rule

    The best-known example is benzene (C 6 H 6) with a conjugated system of six π electrons, which equals 4n + 2 for n = 1. The molecule undergoes substitution reactions which preserve the six π electron system rather than addition reactions which would destroy it. The stability of this π electron system is referred to as aromaticity. Still, in ...

  5. Benzene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene

    Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline.

  6. List of boiling and freezing information of solvents - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_boiling_and...

    This Wikipedia page provides a comprehensive list of boiling and freezing points for various solvents.

  7. Chemical stability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_stability

    In chemistry, chemical stability is the thermodynamic stability of a chemical system, in particular a chemical compound or a polymer. [ 1 ] Thermodynamic stability occurs when a system is in its lowest energy state , or in chemical equilibrium with its environment.

  8. List of elements by stability of isotopes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by...

    The first table is for even-atomic numbered elements, which tend to have far more primordial nuclides, due to the stability conferred by proton-proton pairing. A second separate table is given for odd-atomic numbered elements, which tend to have far fewer stable and long-lived (primordial) unstable nuclides. [citation needed]

  9. Azeotrope tables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotrope_tables

    This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.