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Sodium/substrate symport (or co-transport) is a widespread mechanism of solute transport across cytoplasmic membranes of pro- and eukaryotic cells. The energy stored in an inwardly directed electrochemical sodium gradient, the sodium-motive force (SMF) is used to drive solute accumulation against a concentration gradient.
The reduced folate carrier protein (RFC) is a transmembrane protein responsible for the transport of folate, or vitamin B9, into cells. It uses the large gradient of organic phosphate to move folate into the cell against its concentration gradient.
Powered by ATP, the pump moves sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions, each against its concentration gradient. In a single cycle of the pump, three sodium ions are extruded from and two potassium ions are imported into the cell. Active transport is the movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient. This ...
Typically, the ion(s) will move down the electrochemical gradient, allowing the other molecule(s) to move against the concentration gradient. The movement of the ion(s) across the membrane is facilitated diffusion, and is coupled with the active transport of the molecule(s). In symport, two molecule move in a 'similar direction' at the 'same time'.
Antiport and symport processes are associated with secondary active transport, meaning that one of the two substances is transported against its concentration gradient, utilizing the energy derived from the transport of another ion (mostly Na +, K + or H + ions) down its concentration gradient.
This action creates a sodium concentration gradient across the cell membrane, with a lower concentration inside the cell compared to both the blood and the tubular lumen. [3] SGLT proteins utilize this sodium gradient to transport glucose across the apical membrane into the cell, even against the glucose concentration gradient.
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