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The voiceless uvular fricative [χ] is similar to the voiceless velar fricative [x], except that it is articulated near the uvula. It is found in Georgian, and instead of [x] in some dialects of German, Spanish , and colloquial Arabic , as well as in some Dutch varieties and in standard Afrikaans .
In both regions the languages retain a labialized velar series (e.g. [kʷ], [kʼʷ], [xʷ], [w] in the Pacific Northwest) as well as uvular consonants. [8] In the languages of those families that retain plain velars, both the plain and labialized velars are pre-velar, perhaps to make them more distinct from the uvulars which may be post-velar ...
The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʁ , an inverted small uppercase letter ʀ , or in broad transcription r if rhotic .
It is also used in broad transcription instead of the symbol χ , the Greek chi, for the voiceless uvular fricative. There is also a voiceless post-velar fricative (also called pre-uvular) in some languages, which can be transcribed as [x̠] or [χ̟]. For voiceless pre-velar fricative (also called post-palatal), see voiceless palatal fricative.
The symbol ɣ is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: [ɣ̞] or [ɣ˕]. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, [ɰ]. There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages.
Voiceless velar fricative, a consonant sound written as x in the International Phonetic Alphabet; Velar ejective fricative, a consonant sound written as xʼ in the International Phonetic Alphabet; These are not to be confused with velarized fricatives, like sˠ or xˠ, where the velarization is a form of secondary articulation.
Thus, in cases where a dialectal variation between voiceless uvular and velar fricatives is claimed the main difference between the two may be the trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases - compare Northern Dutch acht [ɑʀ̝̊˖t] 'eight' (with a postvelar-uvular fricative trill) with Southern Dutch [ɑxt] or [ɑx̟t ...
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, uvularization can be indicated by the symbol ʶ (a superscript voiced uvular fricative (inverted small capital R)) after the letter standing for the consonant that is uvularized, as in [tʶ] (the uvularized equivalent of [t]).