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When we speak of English as a foreign language (EFL), we are referring to the role of English for learners in a country where English is not spoken by the majority (what Braj Kachru calls the expanding circle). English as a second language (ESL) refers to the role of English for learners in an English-speaking country, i.e. usually immigrants ...
For example, a learner might refer to an art gallery as a "picture place". [2] Language switch Learners may insert a word from their first language into a sentence, and hope that their interlocutor will understand. [3] [9] Asking for clarification The strategy of asking an interlocutor for the correct word or other help is a communication ...
Both in natural language acquisition as well as in foreign language classrooms, in order for the learner to make progress, understanding must occur on two levels, a situational or functional and a formal or structural level. Learners must not only understand what is meant but must also understand what is quite literally said, i.e. recognize the ...
That method also claims to encourage learners to incorporate their personal experiences into their language learning environment and to focus on the learning experience, in addition to the learning of the target language. [1] According to CLT, the goal of language education is the ability to communicate in the target language. [2]
A language barrier is a figurative phrase used primarily to refer to linguistic barriers to communication, i.e. the difficulties in communication experienced by people or groups originally speaking different languages (or different dialects in some cases).
Allowing students to translanguage, or alternate, between English and their native language is an essential strategy for English-language learners. In the classroom, English-language learners can often feel intimidated when asked to speak or communicate complex ideas, so when students are allowed to use their first language to help produce ...
The study of grammar is helpful for second-language learners, and a lack of grammar knowledge can slow down the language-learning process. On the other hand, relying on grammar instruction as the primary means of learning the language is also detrimental. A balance between these two extremes is necessary for optimal language learning. [11]
The teacher will correct the student's errors but also extend the learning by adding additional words or phrases. A further example, in English: Student: "I want eat." Teacher: "What do you want to eat?" In this example the teacher is making the correction to the student's speech (adding a "to") but also extending the learning by asking a question.