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  2. Visual system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_system

    Different species are able to see different parts of the light spectrum; for example, bees can see into the ultraviolet, [55] while pit vipers can accurately target prey with their pit organs, which are sensitive to infrared radiation. [56] The mantis shrimp possesses arguably the most complex visual system of any species. The eye of the mantis ...

  3. Luminous energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_energy

    In photometry, luminous energy is the perceived energy of light. This is sometimes called the quantity of light. [1] Luminous energy is not the same as radiant energy, the corresponding objective physical quantity. This is because the human eye can only see light in the visible spectrum and has different sensitivities to light of different ...

  4. Visual perception - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception

    The computational level addresses, at a high level of abstraction, the problems that the visual system must overcome. The algorithmic level attempts to identify the strategy that may be used to solve these problems. Finally, the implementational level attempts to explain how solutions to these problems are realized in neural circuitry.

  5. Encircled energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encircled_energy

    In optics, encircled energy is a measure of concentration of energy in an image, or projected laser at a given range. For example, if a single star is brought to its sharpest focus by a lens giving the smallest image possible with that given lens (called a point spread function or PSF), calculation of the encircled energy of the resulting image gives the distribution of energy in that PSF.

  6. Optics and vision - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics_and_vision

    Vision of humans and other organisms depends on several organs such as the lens of the eye, and any vision correcting devices, which use optics to focus the image. The eyes of many animals contains a lens that focuses the light of its surroundings onto the retina of the eye. This lens is essential to producing clear images within the eye.

  7. Astronomical seeing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_seeing

    The strength of seeing is often characterized by the angular diameter of the long-exposure image of a star (seeing disk) or by the Fried parameter r 0. The diameter of the seeing disk is the full width at half maximum of its optical intensity. An exposure time of several tens of milliseconds can be considered long in this context. The Fried ...

  8. Quantum optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_optics

    Each particle carries one quantum of energy, equal to hf, where h is the Planck constant and f is the frequency of the light. That energy possessed by a single photon corresponds exactly to the transition between discrete energy levels in an atom (or other system) that emitted the photon; material absorption of a photon is the reverse process.

  9. Energy level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_level

    If it is at a higher energy level, it is said to be excited, or any electrons that have higher energy than the ground state are excited. Such a species can be excited to a higher energy level by absorbing a photon whose energy is equal to the energy difference between the levels. Conversely, an excited species can go to a lower energy level by ...