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Groups with three members (triads, trios, troikas, etc.) are hard to maintain. After all, it is easier to deal with one other person than with two. Besides, two of the people in a triad are apt to find it easier to relate to each other than to the other partner. That can motivate the neglected party to drop out of the group. [3]
The size of these groups, as expressed by the number of people/etc in a group such as eight groups of nine people in each one, is an important aspect of their social environment. Group size tend to be highly variable even within the same species, thus we often need statistical measures to quantify group size and statistical tests to compare ...
The "treatment difference" among students in the "high" group is μ HA − μ HB and the treatment difference among students in the "low" group is μ LA − μ LB. In general, it is possible that the two teaching strategies could differ in either direction, or show no difference, and the effects could differ in magnitude or even in sign between ...
Many significance tests have an estimation counterpart; [26] in almost every case, the test result (or its p-value) can be simply substituted with the effect size and a precision estimate. For example, instead of using Student's t-test, the analyst can compare two independent groups by calculating the mean difference and its 95% confidence ...
A (population) effect size θ based on means usually considers the standardized mean difference (SMD) between two populations [22]: 78 =, where μ 1 is the mean for one population, μ 2 is the mean for the other population, and σ is a standard deviation based on either or both populations.
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The average of all the sample absolute deviations about the mean of size 3 that can be drawn from the population is 44/81, while the average of all the sample absolute deviations about the median is 4/9. Therefore, the absolute deviation is a biased estimator. However, this argument is based on the notion of mean-unbiasedness.
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