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In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to laminar flow , which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers with no disruption between those layers.
The Hadley cell, also known as the Hadley circulation, is a global-scale tropical atmospheric circulation that features air rising near the equator, flowing poleward near the tropopause at a height of 12–15 km (7.5–9.3 mi) above the Earth's surface, cooling and descending in the subtropics at around 25 degrees latitude, and then returning ...
GENE: A semi-global continuum turbulence simulation code, for fusion plasmas. GEM: A particle in cell turbulence code, for fusion plasmas. GKW: A semi-global continuum gyrokinetic code, for turbulence in fusion plasmas. GYRO: A semi-global continuum turbulence code, for fusion plasmas. GYSELA: A semi-lagrangian code, for turbulence in fusion ...
The model attempts to predict turbulence by two partial differential equations for two variables, k and ω, with the first variable being the turbulence kinetic energy (k) while the second (ω) is the specific rate of dissipation (of the turbulence kinetic energy k into internal thermal energy). SST (Menter’s Shear Stress Transport)
The basic tool required for the derivation of the RANS equations from the instantaneous Navier–Stokes equations is the Reynolds decomposition.Reynolds decomposition refers to separation of the flow variable (like velocity ) into the mean (time-averaged) component (¯) and the fluctuating component (′).
High inflation, fueled by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and mass displacement from that war and conflicts in the Middle East and Africa have added to the global unease. In South Africa, high unemployment and inequality helped drive a dramatic loss of support for the African National Congress, which had governed for three decades since the end ...
A turbulent flow is a flow regime in fluid dynamics where fluid velocity varies significantly and irregularly in both position and time. [3] Furthermore, a coherent structure is defined as a turbulent flow whose vorticity expression, which is usually stochastic, contains orderly components that can be described as being instantaneously coherent over the spatial extent of the flow structure.
A toxic mix of ugly politics and structural economic problems is threatening to tip debt over the edge.