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  2. Learned helplessness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_helplessness

    Learned helplessness is the behavior exhibited by a subject after enduring repeated aversive stimuli beyond their control. It was initially thought to be caused by the subject's acceptance of their powerlessness, by way of their discontinuing attempts to escape or avoid the aversive stimulus, even when such alternatives are unambiguously presented.

  3. Martin Seligman - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman

    Martin Elias Peter Seligman (/ ˈ s ɛ l ɪ ɡ m ə n /; born August 12, 1942) is an American psychologist, educator, and author of self-help books. Seligman is a strong promoter within the scientific community of his theories of well-being and positive psychology. [1] His theory of learned helplessness is popular among scientific and clinical ...

  4. Here’s How Learned Optimism Can Help With Anxiety ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/learned-optimism-help-anxiety...

    The term “learned optimism" was coined by Seligman, who’s widely considered the father of positive psychology. ... Learned helplessness was conceptualized and developed in the 1960s and ‘70s ...

  5. Explanatory style - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanatory_style

    Those studies that have looked at attributions for hypothetical events have been more supportive of the model, possibly because these studies are more likely to have controlled for event severity. [5] The "learned helplessness" model formed the theoretical basis of the original Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale statement on attributional style. [8]

  6. Attribution (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribution_(psychology)

    The concept of learned helplessness emerged from animal research in which psychologists Martin Seligman and Steven F. Maier discovered that dogs classically conditioned to an electrical shock which they could not escape, subsequently failed to attempt to escape an avoidable shock in a similar situation. [88]

  7. Behavioral theories of depression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_theories_of...

    Learned helplessness is defined as a sense of having no control over outcomes, regardless of one's actions. This may mediate the emergence of the lack of responsiveness and arousal observed in persons with depression after a perceived change in positive reinforcers.

  8. Self-efficacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-efficacy

    A negative effect of low self-efficacy is that it can lead to a state of learned helplessness. Learned helplessness was studied by Martin Seligman in an experiment in which shocks were applied to animals. Through the experiment, it was discovered that the animals placed in a cage where they could escape shocks by moving to a different part of ...

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