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The free radical theory of aging states that organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time. [1] A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell. [2] While a few free radicals such as melanin are not chemically reactive, most biologically relevant free radicals are highly ...
Reactive oxygen species are implicated in cellular activity to a variety of inflammatory responses including cardiovascular disease. They may also be involved in hearing impairment via cochlear damage induced by elevated sound levels , in ototoxicity of drugs such as cisplatin , and in congenital deafness in both animals and humans.
Molecular contributors to ageing (reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial unfolded protein response, mitochondrial metabolites, damage-associated molecular patterns, mitochondrial-derived peptides, mitochondrial membrane) Mitochondria are thought to be organelles that developed from endocytosed bacteria which learned to coexist inside ancient cells.
Mitochondrial ROS can promote cellular senescence and aging phenotypes in the skin of mice. [11] Ordinarily mitochondrial SOD2 protects against mitochondrial ROS. Epidermal cells in mutant mice with a genetic SOD2 deficiency undergo cellular senescence, nuclear DNA damage, and irreversible arrest of proliferation in a portion of their keratinocytes.
Oxidative stress mechanisms in tissue injury. Free radical toxicity induced by xenobiotics and the subsequent detoxification by cellular enzymes (termination).. Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. [1]
Mechanistically, replicative senescence can be triggered by a DNA damage response due to the shortening of telomeres.Cells can also be induced to senesce by DNA damage in response to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of oncogenes, and cell-cell fusion.
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1] Factors involved in Inflammaging Aging leads to perturbations in cellular homeostasis leading to inflammaging that results in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Inflammaging (also known as inflamm-aging or inflamm-ageing ) is a chronic, sterile, low-grade inflammation that develops with advanced age, in the absence of overt infection, and ...