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Male circumcision reduces the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission from HIV positive women to men in high risk populations. [1] [2]In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) reiterated that male circumcision is an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention if carried out by medical professionals under safe conditions. [3]
A body of scientific evidence has shown that men who are circumcised are less likely to contract HIV than men who are uncircumcised. [1] Research published in 2014 concludes that the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone selectively impact HIV transmission.
In settings involving prostitution in low-income countries, risk of female-to-male transmission has been estimated as 2.4% per act, and of male-to-female transmission as 0.05% per act. [60] Risk of transmission increases in the presence of many sexually transmitted infections [66] and genital ulcers. [60]
Viral burden in genital secretions determines male-to-female sexual transmission of HIV-1: A probabilistic empiric model. AIDS 15:621-627. Cohen MS, Gay C, Kashuba AD, Blower S, and Paxton L (2007). Narrative Review: antiretroviral therapy to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1. Ann Intern Med 146: 591-601
Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), [1] [2] a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. [3] Without treatment, the average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. [4]
Additionally, research published in the mid-2000s showed that voluntary medical male circumcision lowers the risk of female-to-male HIV acquisition by about 60%. This led to a major effort to ...
Based on these studies, the World Health Organization and UNAIDS both recommended male circumcision as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in 2007. [28] Whether it protects against male-to-female transmission is disputed [29] [30] and whether it is of benefit in developed countries and among men who have sex with men is ...
The “New York patient.”The first woman and person of mixed-race ancestry possibly to be cured, she was diagnosed with leukemia in 2017 and received a stem cell transplant augmented with ...
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