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  2. Problem frames approach - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_Frames_Approach

    A problem frame is a description of a recognizable class of problems, where the class of problems has a known solution. In a sense, problem frames are problem patterns. Each problem frame has its own frame diagram. A frame diagram looks essentially like a problem diagram, but instead of showing specific domains and requirements, it shows types ...

  3. Framing (social sciences) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)

    Frame-alignment comes in four forms: frame bridging, frame amplification, frame extension and frame transformation. Frame bridging involves the "linkage of two or more ideologically congruent but structurally unconnected frames regarding a particular issue or problem" (Snow et al., 1986, p. 467).

  4. Frame analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_analysis

    Frame analysis (also called framing analysis) is a multi-disciplinary social science research method used to analyze how people understand situations and activities. Frame analysis looks at images, stereotypes, metaphors, actors, messages, and more. It examines how important these factors are and how and why they are chosen. [1]

  5. Design thinking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_thinking

    An iterative, non-linear process, design thinking includes activities such as context analysis, user testing, problem finding and framing, ideation and solution generating, creative thinking, sketching and drawing, prototyping, and evaluating. Core features of design thinking include the abilities to:

  6. Problem shaping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_shaping

    Problem shaping means revising a question so that the solution process can begin or continue. It is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem solving . Problem shaping (or problem framing) often involves the application of critical thinking .

  7. Heuristic (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic_(psychology)

    Cognitive determinates that can influence escalation of commitment include self-justification, problem framing, sunk costs, goal substitution, self-efficacy, accountability, and illusion of control. [94] The general flow of events that causes implementation of the escalation of commitment heuristic are as follows:

  8. Framing effect (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_effect_(psychology)

    The framing effect has consistently been shown to be one of the largest biases in decision making. [11] In general, susceptibility to framing effects increases with age. Age difference factors are particularly important when considering health care [12] [13] [14] and financial decisions. The susceptibility to framing can influence how older ...

  9. Problem structuring methods - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_structuring_methods

    Problem structuring methods (PSMs) are a group of techniques used to model or to map the nature or structure of a situation or state of affairs that some people want to change. [1] PSMs are usually used by a group of people in collaboration (rather than by a solitary individual) to create a consensus about, or at least to facilitate ...