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Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Scientists study the behaviour of isolated cells grown in the laboratory for insights into how cells function in the body in health and disease. Experiments using cell culture are used for developing new diagnostic tests and new treatments for diseases. This is a list of major breast cancer cell lines that are primarily used in breast cancer ...
Cancer is typically treated with surgery, radiation and sometimes chemotherapy. But a new study suggests this standard protocol might not be necessary for a common form of early-stage breast cancer.
Breast cancer is not a single disease but multiple ones, each carrying varying degrees of risk for endangering women’s health. In recent years, many researchers have been focused on DCIS: ductal ...
It is used to try to kill any cancer cells that might still exist and cannot be detected through imaging tests. [2] Palliative chemotherapy Palliative chemotherapy is used to control (but not cure) the cancer in settings in which the cancer has spread beyond the breast and localized lymph nodes. See metastatic breast cancer. Combined therapies
The most commonly used treatment methods for breast cancer include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. [2] Some of these treated patients experience disease relapse and metastasis. The aggressive progression and recurrence of this disease has been attributed the presence of a subset of tumor cells known as breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs).
Tamoxifen is currently first-line treatment for nearly all pre-menopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. [1] Raloxifene is another partial agonist SERM which does not seem to promote endometrial cancer, and is used primarily for chemoprevention of breast cancer in high-risk individuals, as well as to prevent osteoporosis. [1]
Comedocarcinoma is a kind of breast cancer that demonstrates comedonecrosis, which is the central necrosis [1] of cancer cells within involved ducts. Comedocarcinomas are usually non-infiltrating and intraductal tumors, characterized as a comedo-type, high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).