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Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscientific belief that the human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "races", [1] [2] [3] and that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racial discrimination, racial inferiority, or racial superiority.
The amygdala, which is the most researched brain region in racism studies, shows much greater activation while viewing other-race faces than same-race faces. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 12 ] This region of the brain is associated with fear conditioning, and has many connections with the cortex to control the body’s emotional response. [ 3 ]
In the late 19th and early 20th century, group differences in intelligence were often assumed to be racial in nature. [4] Apart from intelligence tests, research relied on measurements such as brain size or reaction times. By the mid-1940s most psychologists had adopted the view that environmental and cultural factors predominated.
Demographic variables such as income and education were not related to experiences of racism. The results suggest that racism can be detrimental to African Americans' well-being. [73] The physiological stress caused by racism has been documented in studies by Claude Steele, Joshua Aronson, and Steven Spencer on what they term "stereotype threat ...
However, this kind of confirmation bias has also been argued to be an example of social skill; a way to establish a connection with the other person. [9] Although this research overwhelmingly involves human subjects, some studies have found bias in non-human animals as well.
The term racism is a noun describing the state of being racist, i.e., subscribing to the belief that the human population can or should be classified into races with differential abilities and dispositions, which in turn may motivate a political ideology in which rights and privileges are differentially distributed based on racial categories.
Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combining of two or more academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project) The term interdisciplinary is applied within education and training pedagogies to describe studies that use methods and insights of several established disciplines or traditional fields of ...
Research into race and genetics has also been criticized as emerging from, or contributing to, scientific racism. Genetic studies of traits and populations have been used to justify social inequalities associated with race, [7] despite the fact that patterns of human variation have been shown to be mostly clinal, [8] with human genetic code ...