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SIRT4 is a mitochondrial ADP-ribosyltransferase that inhibits mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase 1 activity, thereby downregulating insulin secretion in response to amino acids. [7] A deacetylation of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase enzyme by SIRT4 represses the enzyme activity, inhibiting fatty acid oxidation in muscle and liver cells.
SIRT3, a mitochondrial protein deacetylase, plays a role in the regulation of multiple metabolic proteins like isocitrate dehydrogenase of the TCA cycle. It also plays a role in skeletal muscle as a metabolic adaptive response. Since glutamine is a source of a-ketoglutarate used to replenish the TCA cycle, SIRT4 is involved in glutamine metabolism.
any string of characters drawn from the alphabet enclosed in square brackets matches any one of the corresponding amino acids; e.g. [abc] matches any of the amino acids represented by a or b or c. The fundamental idea behind all these notations is the matching principle, which assigns a meaning to a sequence of elements of the pattern notation:
C C Cytosine: G G Guanine: T T Thymine: U U Uracil (i) i inosine (non-standard) R A or G (I) puRine: Y C, T or U pYrimidines: K G, T or U bases which are Ketones: M A or C bases with aMino groups: S C or G Strong interaction W A, T or U Weak interaction B not A (i.e. C, G, T or U) B comes after A D not C (i.e. A, G, T or U) D comes after C H
Serine (symbol Ser or S) [3] [4] is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated − NH +3 form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated − COO −
Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein. [1] By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino-terminal (N) end to the carboxyl-terminal (C) end. Protein biosynthesis is most commonly performed by ribosomes in cells. Peptides can also be synthesized in the ...
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Lanthionine is a nonproteinogenic amino acid with the chemical formula (HOOC-CH(NH 2)-CH 2-S-CH 2-CH(NH 2)-COOH). It is typically formed by a cysteine residue and a dehydrated serine residue. Despite its name, lanthionine does not contain the element lanthanum.