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Most children with vesicoureteral reflux are asymptomatic. Vesicoureteral reflux may be diagnosed as a result of further evaluation of dilation of the kidney or ureters draining urine from the kidney while in utero as well as when a sibling has VUR (though routine testing in either circumstance is controversial).
In urology, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is a frequently performed technique for visualizing a person's urethra and urinary bladder while the person urinates (voids). It is used in the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux (kidney reflux), among other disorders. [1]
Some drugs need to be used with caution in patients with renal dysfunction. The use of nitrofurantoin is contraindicated in patients with an estimated GFR of less than 30 mL/min/1.73m 2 as drug accumulation can lead to increased side effects and impaired recovery of the urinary tract, increasing the risk of treatment failure. [29]
In children UTIs are associated with vesicoureteral reflux (an abnormal movement of urine from the bladder into ureters or kidneys) and constipation. [ 28 ] Persons with spinal cord injury are at increased risk for urinary tract infection in part because of chronic use of catheter, and in part because of voiding dysfunction. [ 52 ]
The UK medicines regulator MHRA warned that fluoroquinolones were linked to rare but occasionally severe and irreversible side effects, including tendon rupture, muscle and joint pain and nerve ...
Reflux nephropathy is a direct consequence of VUR or other urologic congenital anomalies stemming from chronic high-pressure sterile urine reflux and often leads to recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the early childhood.
Contralateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction is found in 3% to 12% of infants with multicystic kidney and contralateral vesicoureteral reflux is seen even more often, in 18% to 43% of infants. Because the high incidence of reflux, voiding cystourethrography usually has been considered advisable in all newborns with a multicystic kidney.
If symptoms are present, treatment is generally with antibiotics. [3] Bacteriuria without symptoms generally does not require treatment. [4] Exceptions may include pregnant women, those who have had a recent kidney transplant, young children with significant vesicoureteral reflux, and those undergoing surgery of the urinary tract. [3] [4]