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Medical providers often struggle to 'rule out' pregnancy for medical testing or treatment that cannot be conducted during pregnancy before they can do an accurate urine pregnancy test. [27] More rare, false negative results can also occur due to a "hook effect", where a sample with a very high level of hCG is tested without dilution, causing an ...
The hook effect refers to the prozone phenomenon, also known as antibody excess, or the postzone phenomenon, also known as antigen excess. It is an immunologic phenomenon whereby the effectiveness of antibodies to form immune complexes can be impaired when concentrations of an antibody or an antigen are very high.
[3] [41] [18] However, in patients with abnormally high levels of serum prolactin, false negative results that indicates a low level of prolactin may occur; this occurrence is due to a phenomenon called the "Hook effect". [46] Antigen tests such as the pregnancy test shows positive line via the formation of a sandwich immune complex that allows ...
Many home pregnancy tests are immunoassays, which detect the pregnancy marker human chorionic gonadotropin. [20] More specifically, they are qualitative tests that detect whether hCG is present, using a lateral flow setup. [21] The COVID-19 rapid antigen test is also a qualitative, lateral-flow test. [22]
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Prolactin has a wide variety of effects. It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (): increased serum concentrations of prolactin during pregnancy cause enlargement of the mammary glands and prepare for milk production, which normally starts when levels of progesterone fall by the end of pregnancy and a suckling stimulus is present.
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At the beginning of 2025, U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy called for adding warning labels on all alcoholic beverages, similar to those on tobacco products. Murthy stated that alcohol ...
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