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The origins of a Cuban identity can be traced to the earliest debates about Cuban self-determination, and expanded more greatly with the Cuban independence movement. [4] As more Cubans began emigrating during the Cuban exile the idea of Cuban identity began to expand to those outside Cuba and the idea of being Cuban took on a racialized definition.
The Cuban Revolution of 1959, which brought Fidel Castro to power, marked a significant turning point as it transformed the political landscape, reinforced a sense of national identity centered around revolutionary and socialist ideals and led to the continuing Cuban Exodus, thus establishing the Cuban Diaspora.
For most of its history, Cuba was controlled by foreign powers. The country was a Spanish colony from approximately 1511 until 1898. The United States governed the nation from 1898 to 1902, and would intervene in national affairs until the abolishment of the Platt Amendment in 1935.
Afro-Cubans (Spanish: Afrocubano) or Black Cubans are Cubans of full or partial sub-Saharan African ancestry. The term Afro-Cuban can also refer to historical or cultural elements in Cuba associated with this community, and the combining of native African and other cultural elements found in Cuban society, such as race, religion, music, language, the arts and class culture.
Cuban Americans (Spanish: cubanoestadounidenses [4] or cubanoamericanos [5]) are Americans who immigrated from or are descended from immigrants from Cuba.As of 2023, Cuban Americans were the fourth largest Hispanic and Latino American group in the United States after Mexican Americans, Stateside Puerto Ricans and Salvadoran Americans.
Recognition of birthright nationality requires a passport issued by the country of birth with a visa to enter Cuba; an identity card or registration of the birth in the Civil Registry or Special Registry of Acts and Facts of Cubans Abroad, and a Cuban reference who makes a sworn statement to provide for the housing and maintenance of the applicant.
Cuba’s entry in the competition is based on another change—the contestant who represents a country no longer need to have been born in that country.
After the Cuban Revolution, the term camarada, meaning "comrade", came to gradually replace the traditional señor/señora as the universal polite title of address for strangers. A significant number of Afro-Cubans as well as biracial Cubans speak Haitian Creole .