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The cup-to-disc ratio (often notated CDR) is a measurement used in ophthalmology and optometry to assess the progression of glaucoma.The optic disc is the anatomical location of the eye's "blind spot", the area where the optic nerve leave and blood vessels enter the retina.
[8] [9] Visual hallucinations generally appear when the eyes are open, fading once the visual gaze shifts. [1] It is widely claimed that sensory deprivation is instrumental in the progression of CBS. [10] During episodes of inactivity, hallucinations are more likely to occur. [1]
Apart from binocular summation, the two eyes can influence each other in at least three ways. Pupillary diameter. Light falling in one eye affects the diameter of the pupils in both eyes. One can easily see this by looking at a friend's eye while he or she closes the other: when the other eye is open, the pupil of the first eye is small; when ...
Fixation disparity is a tendency of the eyes to drift in the direction of the heterophoria.While the heterophoria refers to a fusion-free vergence state, the fixation disparity refers to a small misalignment of the visual axes when both eyes are open in an observer with normal fusion and binocular vision. [1]
Bimonocular vision, also named two-eyed monocular vision, is known as seeing and using both eyes in a monocular way independently of each other without fusion over the entire field of view without visual field loss in the human species [citation needed] and was discovered in 2018.
[38] [39] Both experimental and clinical studies implicate that oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of open-angle glaucoma [40] as well as in Alzheimer's disease. [ 41 ] Degeneration of axons of the retinal ganglion cells (the optic nerve) is a hallmark of glaucoma. [ 42 ]
The opposite of heterophoria, where the eyes are straight when relaxed and not fusing, is called orthophoria. In contrast, fixation disparity is a very small deviation of the pointing directions of the eyes that is present while performing binocular fusion. Heterophoria is usually asymptomatic. This is when it is said to be "compensated".
Instead Hering's law predicts that because both eyes must move by equal amounts, a combination of conjunctive and disjunctive eye movements is required to refoveate the target point. Yarbus [5] showed experimentally that binocular eyes movements are indeed composed mostly of combinations of saccades and vergence. However, it is now known that ...