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As the eyes converge, the pupils should constrict. The optokinetic nystagmus test is optional and involves asking the patient to look at a strip of vertical lines moving horizontally across visual field. Nystagmus is normally observed. Extraocular movements are tested by inspecting for ptosis, eye position and nystagmus. The pupil size is ...
The interpretation of urinalysis takes into account the results of physical, chemical and microscopic examination and the person's overall condition. Urine test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test, or using information provided by the test strip/device manufacturer. [136]
The Parks–Bielschowsky three-step test, [1] also known as Park's three-step test or Bielschowsky head tilt test, [2] is a method used to isolate the paretic extraocular muscle, particularly superior oblique muscle and trochlear nerve (fourth cranial nerve), [3] in acquired vertical double vision. [4] It was originally described by Marshall M ...
early morning urine sample (being the most concentrated, generally used for pregnancy testing) Emul: emulsion: ENT: ear, nose, and throat (see otolaryngology) EOB: edge of bed EoL: End-of-life (adjective) EoLC: End-of-life care: EOM: extraocular muscles: EOMI: extraocular movements intact (see eye movement) EPCT: estrogen-progesterone challenge ...
The vestibulo-ocular reflex. A rotation of the head is detected, which triggers an inhibitory signal to the extraocular muscles on one side and an excitatory signal to the muscles on the other side. The result is a compensatory movement of the eyes. The oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV) and abducens nerve (VI) coordinate eye movement.
"CNII-XII grossly intact" Motor system: Muscle strength, often graded on the MRC scale 0 to 5 [5] (i.e., 0 = Complete Paralysis to 5 = Normal Power). grades 4−, 4 and 4+ maybe used to indicate movement against slight, moderate and strong resistance respectively. Muscle tone and signs of rigidity. Examination of posture. Decerebrate ...
Abnormal kidney function may cause too much or too little urine to be produced. The ability of the kidneys to filter protein is often measured, as urine albumin or urine protein levels, [2] measured either at a single instance or, because of variation throughout the day, as 24-hour urine tests. [citation needed]
Contemporary urine testing uses a range of methods to investigate the physical and biochemical properties of the urine. For instance, the results of the routine urinalysis can provide information about the functioning of the kidneys and urinary system; suggest the presence of a urinary tract infection (UTI); and screen for possible diabetes or ...