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Diagnosis should generally include either a calculation of corrected calcium or direct measurement of ionized calcium level and be confirmed after a week. [1] This is because either high or low serum albumin levels does not show the true levels of ionised calcium. [ 15 ]
In contrast, ionized calcium is a measure of free calcium. An abnormally high level of calcium in plasma is termed hypercalcemia and an abnormally low level is termed hypocalcemia, with "abnormal" generally referring to levels outside the reference range.
Disorders of calcium metabolism occur when the body has too little or too much calcium. The serum level of calcium is closely regulated within a fairly limited range in the human body. In a healthy physiology, extracellular calcium levels are maintained within a tight range through the actions of parathyroid hormone , vitamin D and the calcium ...
High concentrations of HPO 4 2− in the plasma, therefore, lower the ionized calcium level in the extra-cellular fluids. Thus, the excretion of more phosphate than calcium ions in the urine raises the plasma ionized calcium level, even though the total calcium concentration might be lowered.
Normal parathyroid glands measure the ionized calcium (Ca 2+) concentration in the blood and secrete parathyroid hormone accordingly; if the ionized calcium rises above normal, the secretion of PTH is decreased, whereas when the Ca 2+ level falls, parathyroid hormone secretion is increased. [8]
By definition these patients have normal serum calcium (though usually in the upper range) and are typically found to have elevated PTH during workup for osteoporosis. In order to diagnose normocalcemic PHPT, ionized calcium levels should be normal, and all secondary causes for secondary hyperparathyroidism (such as vitamin D deficiency and ...
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Besides the simple oxide CaO, calcium peroxide, CaO 2, can be made by direct oxidation of calcium metal under a high pressure of oxygen, and there is some evidence for a yellow superoxide Ca(O 2) 2. [16] Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2, is a strong base, though not as strong as the hydroxides of strontium, barium or the alkali metals. [17]