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OBD-II PIDs (On-board diagnostics Parameter IDs) are codes used to request data from a vehicle, used as a diagnostic tool.. SAE standard J1979 defines many OBD-II PIDs. All on-road vehicles and trucks sold in North America are required to support a subset of these codes, primarily for state mandated emissions inspections.
In spark-ignition internal combustion engines, knocking (also knock, detonation, spark knock, pinging or pinking) occurs when combustion of some of the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder does not result from propagation of the flame front ignited by the spark plug, but when one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture explode outside the envelope of the normal combustion front.
Often one injector may clog while the others carry on normally allowing mild detonation in one cylinder that leads to serious detonation, then pre-ignition. [ 2 ] The challenges associated with pre-ignition have increased in recent years with the development of highly boosted and "downspeeded" spark ignition engines.
Most were four-cylinders, but six-cylinder versions were also offered, mainly for boats but also for heavier vehicles. Volvo Penta made a series of engines based on the six-cylinder XDP (MD27-32). [1] The two-digit codes refer to the bore of the engine: XD75; XD80 — 1.6 L (1,608 cc) XD85 — 1.8 L (1,816 cc) XDP-6.85 — 2.7 L (2,724 cc ...
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We're down to the wire for making final changes to your fantasy football lineup ahead of Week 12. Here are 40 players to start or sit this week.
A "twingle" is a four-stroke twin-cylinder engine with an altered firing order designed to give power pulses similar to a single-cylinder four-stroke engine. Inline twins with a 360° crankpin offset or flat-twins can be easily converted into twingles by firing both of the cylinders at the same time and installing a camshaft or camshafts that ...
The 2024 Heisman Trophy presentation is less than two weeks away and will feature the top college football players who have demonstrated exceptional skill, leadership and performance on the field ...