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Interest payments on UK national debt as percentage of GDP, 1900-2011. Distinct from both the national debt and the PSNCR is the interest that the government must pay to service the existing national debt. In 2012, the annual cost of servicing the public debt amounted to around £43bn, or roughly 3% of GDP. [11]
British national war bond advertisement. At the beginning of the 20th century the national debt stood at around 30 percent of GDP. [5] However, during World War I the British government was forced to borrow heavily in order to finance the war effort. The national debt increased from £650 million in 1914 to £7.40 billion in 1919.
[1]: 81 A debt instrument is a financial claim that requires payment of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor in the future. Examples include debt securities (such as bonds and bills), loans, and government employee pension obligations. [1]: 207 Net debt equals gross debt minus financial assets that are debt instruments.
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Debt interest has grown as a proportion of government spending in the last few years as a result of rising interest rates, and increased debt due to primarily to the cost of the Covid pandemic. [10] In financial year 2018-19, debt interest was £43 billion - around 5% of total government spending [11] compared to around 10% in 2023-24.
A new way to pay the National Debt, James Gillray, 1786. King George III, with William Pitt handing him another moneybag. In 1815, at the end of the Napoleonic Wars, British government debt reached a peak of more than 200% of GDP, [16] nearly 887 million pounds sterling. [17]
The 2012 annual budget deficit and public debt both relative to GDP, for all countries and UK. In the eurozone, the following number of countries were: SGP-limit compliant (3), Unhealthy (5), Critical (8), and Unsustainable (1). Debt profile of eurozone countries Change in national debt and deficit levels since 1980
The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) brought great financial burdens on Great Britain, Kingdom of Prussia, Austria, France, and Sweden.The costs of fighting a protracted war on several continents meant Britain's national debt almost doubled from 1756 to 1763, and this financial pressure which Britain tried to alleviate through new taxation in the Thirteen Colonies helped cause the American Revolution.