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Measles outbreaks have been on the rise in the United States, especially in communities with lower rates of vaccination. [123] A different vaccine distribution within a single territory by age or social class may define different general perceptions of vaccination efficacy. [192]
Measles is quite uncommon in populations of highly vaccinated areas, yet when it does occur, it is more commonly seen in adults. [19] The development of the measles vaccine has been vital in reducing outbreaks. Without a measles vaccine, measles epidemics could happen every 2 to 5 years and last up to 3 to 4 months at a time. [22]
The virus causes measles, a highly contagious disease transmitted by respiratory aerosols that triggers a temporary but severe immunosuppression.Symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes and a generalized, maculopapular, erythematous rash and a pathognomonic Koplik spot seen on buccal mucosa opposite to lower 1st and 2nd molars.
As of 2018, global vaccination efforts have reached 86% coverage of the first dose of the measles vaccine and 68% coverage of the second dose. [85] The WHO region of the Americas declared on 27 September 2016 it had eliminated measles. [92] The last confirmed endemic case of measles in the Americas was in Brazil in July 2015. [98]
Measles was a rare – although most often fatal – infection in South Africa in the early nineteenth century but epidemics increased in frequency from the 1850s. During the Second Boer War (1899−1902) measles was rife among the prisoners in the British concentration camps and accounted for thousands of deaths.
The 2019–2020 measles outbreaks showed a normally endemic disease causing an epidemic outbreak, primarily among unvaccinated people. [3] Epidemic A new disease that is spreading or a previously endemic disease whose infection rate is increasing significantly. [8] [11] Seasonal flu frequently appears as an epidemic. [8] Pandemic
Outbreaks include many epidemics, which term is normally only for infectious diseases, as well as diseases with an environmental origin, such as a water or foodborne disease. They may affect a region in a country or a group of countries. Pandemics are near-global disease outbreaks when multiple and various countries around the Earth are soon ...
For a given epidemic or pandemic, the average of its estimated death toll range is used for ranking. If the death toll averages of two or more epidemics or pandemics are equal, then the smaller the range, the higher the rank. For the historical records of major changes in the world population, see world population. [3]