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John Dirkx views transformational learning as a meaning-making process within adult education, aimed at promoting a democratic vision of society and self-actualization of individuals. [28] Learning is life—not a preparation for it. Therefore, transformational learning requires authenticity, a commitment to focus on the here and now, and ...
The transformational approach is based on the leader’s personality, traits, and ability to make change through example. Transformational leaders articulate an energizing vision and challenging goals. They are idealized because they are moral exemplars of working toward the benefit of the team, organization, and community.
Although transpersonal psychology has received some support from both psychologists and non-psychologists, it remains highly controversial and has not been widely accepted by mainstream academic psychology. [3] [8] [21] [22] [23] Transpersonal psychology has been criticized for lacking conceptual, evidentiary, and scientific rigor.
In contrast to the two above leadership styles, transformational leadership follows a different, more long-term oriented philosophy: Short-term, egotistic goals, are substituted by long-term, higher-ranked values and ideals. This paradigm change usually increases commitment, self-confidence, and employee satisfaction. [8]
Political scholar James MacGregor Burns first developed his typology of leadership in his 1978 book Leadership. [2] He built on the work of German sociologist Max Weber's rational-legal model of authority in the context of organizational theory, conceptualizing leadership as a power-imbalanced social contract between leaders and subordinates, each of whom has specific goals that may be shared ...
Transformational validity measures the extent to which interventions use both politics and psychology to create structural change within society. Studies and interventions with high transformational validity are, for example, ones that promote psychopolitical literacy, educate on overcoming oppression, empower individuals and groups take action ...
Task-oriented leaders focus on getting the necessary task, or series of tasks, in hand in order to achieve a goal. These leaders are typically less concerned with the idea of catering to employees and more concerned with finding the step-by-step solution required to meet specific goals.
Intelligence is regarded as the most important trait in psychology. It has been identified as one of the most critical traits that must be possessed by all leaders. [24] Creativity (Distal - Cognitive Abilities) Creativity has been proposed as an important component of effective leadership.