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  2. Optimum "L" filter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimum_"L"_filter

    A forth order filter has a value for k of 1, which is odd, so the summation uses only odd values of i for and (), which includes only the i=1 term in the summation. The transfer function, T 4 ( j ω ) {\displaystyle T_{4}(j\omega )} , may be derived as follows:

  3. Roll-off - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-off

    A simple first-order network such as a RC circuit will have a roll-off of 20 dB/decade. This is a little over 6 dB/octave and is the more usual description given for this roll-off. This can be shown to be so by considering the voltage transfer function, A, of the RC network: [1]

  4. Transfer function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_function

    The transfer function of a two-port electronic circuit, such as an amplifier, might be a two-dimensional graph of the scalar voltage at the output as a function of the scalar voltage applied to the input; the transfer function of an electromechanical actuator might be the mechanical displacement of the movable arm as a function of electric ...

  5. First-order hold - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_hold

    First-order hold (FOH) is a mathematical model of the practical reconstruction of sampled signals that could be done by a conventional digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and an analog circuit called an integrator. For FOH, the signal is reconstructed as a piecewise linear approximation to the original signal that was sampled.

  6. State-space representation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-space_representation

    The transfer function coefficients can also be used to construct another type of canonical form ˙ = [] + [] () = [] (). This state-space realization is called observable canonical form because the resulting model is guaranteed to be observable (i.e., because the output exits from a chain of integrators, every state has an effect on the output).

  7. Proportional–integral–derivative controller - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional–integral...

    One way to determine the parameters for the first-order process is using the 63.2% method. In this method, the process gain ( k p ) is equal to the change in output divided by the change in input. The dead time θ is the amount of time between when the step change occurred and when the output first changed.

  8. Infinite impulse response - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_impulse_response

    The bilinear transform is a first-order approximation of the natural logarithm function that is an exact mapping of the z-plane to the s-plane. When the Laplace transform is performed on a discrete-time signal (with each element of the discrete-time sequence attached to a correspondingly delayed unit impulse), the result is precisely the Z ...

  9. Low-pass filter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filter

    If the transfer function of a first-order low-pass filter has a zero as well as a pole, the Bode plot flattens out again, at some maximum attenuation of high frequencies; such an effect is caused for example by a little bit of the input leaking around the one-pole filter; this one-pole–one-zero filter is still a first-order low-pass.