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In computing, input/output (I/O, i/o, or informally io or IO) is the communication between an information processing system, such as a computer, and the outside world, such as another computer system, peripherals, or a human operator. Inputs are the signals or data received by the system and outputs are the signals or data sent from it.
The BIOS (Basic Input Output System) includes boot firmware and power management firmware. Newer motherboards use Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) instead of BIOS. The CMOS (complementary MOS) battery, which powers the CMOS memory for date and time in the BIOS chip. This battery is generally a watch battery.
The firmware comes pre-installed on the computer's motherboard. The name originates from the Basic Input/Output System used in the CP/M operating system in 1975. [2] [3] The BIOS firmware was originally proprietary to the IBM PC; it was reverse engineered by some companies (such as Phoenix Technologies) looking to create compatible systems.
Input and output voltages are usually, but not always, limited to the supply voltage of the device with the GPIOs, and may be damaged by greater voltages. A GPIO pin's state may be exposed to the software developer through one of a number of different interfaces, such as a memory-mapped I/O peripheral, or through dedicated IO port instructions.
NetBIOS (/ ˈ n ɛ t b aɪ ɒ s /) is an acronym for Network Basic Input/Output System. It provides services related to the session layer of the OSI model allowing applications on separate computers to communicate over a local area network. As strictly an API, NetBIOS is not a networking protocol.
NetBIOS—Network Basic Input/Output System; NetBT—NetBIOS over TCP/IP; NEXT—Near-End CrossTalk; NFA—Nondeterministic Finite Automaton; NFC—Near-field communication; NFS—Network File System; NGL—aNGeL; NGSCB—Next-Generation Secure Computing Base; NI—National Instruments; NIC—Network Interface Controller or Network Interface Card
An interaction technique is a way of using a physical input/output device to perform a generic task in a human-computer dialogue. [1] A more recent variation is: An interaction technique is the fusion of input and output, consisting of all software and hardware elements, that provides a way for the user to accomplish a task. [2]
Gesture interfaces are graphical user interfaces which accept input in a form of hand gestures, or mouse gestures sketched with a computer mouse or a stylus. Graphical user interfaces (GUI) accept input via devices such as a computer keyboard and mouse and provide articulated graphical output on the computer monitor. [25]