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Embryologically, it arises from an anomalous lateral course of the azygos vein, [3] in a pleural septum within the apical segment of the right upper lobe or in other words an azygos lobe is formed when the right posterior cardinal vein, one of the precursors of the azygos vein, fails to migrate over the apex of the lung and penetrates it ...
On radiological studies, a pleural pseudotumor is visualized as a biconcave or lenticular lesion using conventional chest x-rays and CT scans. The lesion is most commonly located in the minor (horizontal) fissure of the lung. A pleural pseudotumor is also associated with the presence of dependent pleural effusions. [9]
Juxtaphrenic peak sign is a radiographic sign seen in lobar collapse or after lobectomy of the lung. [1] [2] This sign was first described by Katten and colleagues in 1980, and therefore, it is also called Katten's sign. [3] The juxtaphrenic peak is most commonly caused due to the traction from the inferior accessory fissure.
An accessory fissure was also found in 14% and 22% of left and right lungs, respectively. [47] An oblique fissure was found to be incomplete in 21% to 47% of left lungs. [48] In some cases a fissure is absent, or extra, resulting in a right lung with only two lobes, or a left lung with three lobes. [46]
The fissures are double folds of pleura that section the lungs and help in their expansion, [6] allowing the lung to ventilate more effectively even if parts of it (usually the basal segments) fail to expand properly due to congestion or consolidation.The function of the visceral pleura is to produce and reabsorb fluid. [7]
A lung nodule or pulmonary nodule is a relatively small focal density in the lung. A solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) or coin lesion, [1] is a mass in the lung smaller than three centimeters in diameter. A pulmonary micronodule has a diameter of less than three millimetres. [2] There may also be multiple nodules.
There is still much debate to whether pulmonary sequestration is a congenital problem or acquired through recurrent pulmonary infection. It is widely believed that extralobar pulmonary sequestrations are a result of prenatal pulmonary malformation while intralobar pulmonary sequestrations can develop due to recurrent pulmonary infections in adolescents and young adults.
This leads to the accumulation of cellular debris within the lungs. This leads to consolidation or solidification, terms used for macroscopic or radiologic appearance of the lungs affected by pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia is mainly classified into lobar and diffuse depending on the degree of lung irritation or damage. [4]