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The vast majority of non-invasive cancers are non-melanoma skin cancers caused by non-ionizing ultraviolet radiation. Clear evidence establishes ultraviolet radiation, especially the non-ionizing medium wave UVB, as the cause of most non-melanoma skin cancers, which are the most common forms of cancer in the world. [78]
The central role of DNA damage and epigenetic defects in DNA repair genes in carcinogenesis. DNA damage is considered to be the primary cause of cancer. [17] More than 60,000 new naturally-occurring instances of DNA damage arise, on average, per human cell, per day, due to endogenous cellular processes (see article DNA damage (naturally occurring)).
Clear evidence establishes ultraviolet radiation, especially the non-ionizing medium wave UVB, as the cause of most non-melanoma skin cancers, which are the most common forms of cancer in the world. [40] Skin cancer may occur following ionizing radiation exposure following a latent period averaging 20 to 40 years.
In the UK, around 147,000 new cases of non-melanoma skin cancer are diagnosed each year, the NHS says. The disease affects more men than women and is more common in the elderly.
Microsatellite instable (MSI) colon cancer (mismatch repair deficient) 47 282,000 Hepatocellular carcinoma 4.2 25,200 Breast cancer 1.18–1.66 7,080–9,960 Lung cancer 17.7 106,200 Small cell lung cancer 7.4 44,400 Non-small cell lung cancer (smokers) 10.5 63,000 Non-small cell lung cancer (never-smokers) 0.6 3,600 Lung adenocarcinoma (smokers)
A carcinogen (/ k ɑːr ˈ s ɪ n ə dʒ ən /) is any agent that promotes the development of cancer. [1] Carcinogens can include synthetic chemicals, naturally occurring substances, physical agents such as ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, and biologic agents such as viruses and bacteria. [2]
Carcinogens are defined as 'a substance or agent that can cause cells to become cancerous by altering their genetic structure so that they multiply continuously and become malignant'. [1] The World Health Organization breaks down the three types of carcinogens that can cause cancer in humans. The first type of carcinogen is the physical type ...
Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, globally accounting for at least 40% of cancer cases. [5] [20] The most common type is nonmelanoma skin cancer, which occurs in at least 2–3 million people per year. [6] [21] This is a rough estimate; good statistics are not kept. [1]