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  2. Molality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molality

    The term molality is formed in analogy to molarity which is the molar concentration of a solution. The earliest known use of the intensive property molality and of its adjectival unit, the now-deprecated molal, appears to have been published by G. N. Lewis and M. Randall in the 1923 publication of Thermodynamics and the Free Energies of Chemical Substances. [3]

  3. Molar concentration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_concentration

    Molar concentration or molarity is most commonly expressed in units of moles of solute per litre of solution. [2] For use in broader applications, it is defined as amount of substance of solute per unit volume of solution, or per unit volume available to the species, represented by lowercase c {\displaystyle c} : [ 3 ]

  4. Amount of substance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amount_of_substance

    Historically, the mole was defined as the amount of substance in 12 grams of the carbon-12 isotope.As a consequence, the mass of one mole of a chemical compound, in grams, is numerically equal (for all practical purposes) to the mass of one molecule or formula unit of the compound, in daltons, and the molar mass of an isotope in grams per mole is approximately equal to the mass number ...

  5. Concentration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration

    In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Several types of mathematical description can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration. [1]

  6. Colligative properties - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colligative_properties

    Here K f is the cryoscopic constant (equal to 1.86 °C kg/mol for the freezing point of water), i is the van 't Hoff factor, and m the molality (in mol/kg). This predicts the melting of ice by road salt. In the liquid solution, the solvent is diluted by the addition of a solute, so that fewer molecules are available to freeze.

  7. Boiling-point elevation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling-point_elevation

    b c is the colligative molality, calculated by taking dissociation into account since the boiling point elevation is a colligative property, dependent on the number of particles in solution. This is most easily done by using the van 't Hoff factor i as b c = b solute · i, where b solute is the molality of the solution. [3]

  8. Ionic strength - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_strength

    The molar ionic strength, I, of a solution is a function of the concentration of all ions present in that solution. [3]= = where one half is because we are including both cations and anions, c i is the molar concentration of ion i (M, mol/L), z i is the charge number of that ion, and the sum is taken over all ions in the solution.

  9. Ebullioscopic constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebullioscopic_constant

    In thermodynamics, the ebullioscopic constant K b relates molality b to boiling point elevation. [1] It is the ratio of the latter to the former: = i is the van 't Hoff factor, the number of particles the solute splits into or forms when dissolved. b is the molality of the solution.