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  2. Decarboxylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decarboxylation

    However, modelling of decarboxylation of salicylic acid with a water molecule had suggested an activation barrier of 150 kJ/mol for a single molecule in solvent, much too high for the observed rate. Therefore, it was concluded that this reaction, conducted in the solid phase in plant material with a high fraction of carboxylic acids, follows a ...

  3. Krapcho decarboxylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krapcho_decarboxylation

    Then, decarboxylation occurs to produce a carbanion intermediate. The intermediate picks up a hydrogen from water to form the products. [2] The suggested reaction mechanism of α,α-disubstituted esters in the Krapcho decarboxylation reaction. R 1, R 2, and R 3 are any carbon containing substituents.

  4. Benzene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene

    Benzene is sufficiently nucleophilic that it undergoes substitution by acylium ions and alkyl carbocations to give substituted derivatives. Electrophilic aromatic substitution of benzene. The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene. Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in 1999. [73]

  5. Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_rearrangement_of...

    These reactions can be categorized in two major types: one that involves a complete and permanent skeletal reorganization (isomerization), and one in which the atoms are scrambled but no net change in the aromatic ring occurs (automerization). [1] The general reaction schemes of the two types are illustrated in Figure 1.

  6. Kolbe electrolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbe_electrolysis

    Another example is the synthesis of 2,7-dimethyl-2,7-dinitrooctane from 4-methyl-4-nitrovaleric acid: [3] The Kolbe reaction has also been occasionally used in cross-coupling reactions . In 2022, it was discovered that the Kolbe electrolysis is enhanced if an alternating square wave current is used instead of a direct current .

  7. Bergman cyclization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergman_cyclization

    The reaction product is a derivative of benzene. Scheme 1. Bergman cyclization. The reaction proceeds by a thermal reaction or pyrolysis (above 200 °C) forming a short-lived and very reactive para-benzyne biradical species. It will react with any hydrogen donor such as 1,4-cyclohexadiene which converts to benzene.

  8. Benzilic acid rearrangement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzilic_acid_rearrangement

    First performed by Justus von Liebig in 1838, [1] it is the first reported example of a rearrangement reaction. [2] It has become a classic reaction in organic synthesis and has been reviewed many times before. [3] [4] [5] It can be viewed as an intramolecular redox reaction, as one carbon center is oxidized while the other is reduced. Scheme 1.

  9. Ketonic decarboxylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketonic_decarboxylation

    Water and carbon dioxide are byproducts: [1] 2 RCO 2 H → R 2 CO + CO 2 + H 2 O. Bases promote this reaction. The reaction mechanism is proposed to involve nucleophilic attack of the alpha-carbon of one acid group on the other carboxylic acid group, possibly as a concerted reaction with the decarboxylation. [1]